The History of England - From the Accession of Henry III. to the Death of Edward III. (1216-1377)

The Project Gutenberg EBook of The History of England, by T.F. Tout This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.net Title: The History of England From the Accession of Henry III. to the Death of Edward III. (1216-1377) Author: T.F. Tout Editor: William Hunt and Reginald L. Poole Release Date: September 10, 2005 [EBook #16679] Language: English Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE HISTORY OF ENGLAND *** Produced by Lee Dawei, Anurag Garg, Turgut Dincer and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net THE HISTORY OF ENGLAND FROM THE ACCESSION OF HENRY III. TO THE DEATH OF EDWARD III. (1216-1377) BY T.F. TOUT, M.A. PROFESSOR OF MEDIÆVAL AND MODERN HISTORY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER THE POLITICAL HISTORY OF ENGLAND IN TWELVE VOLUMES Seventy-six years have passed since Lingard completed his HISTORY OF ENGLAND, which ends with the Revolution of 1688. During that period historical study has made a great advance. Year after year the mass of materials for a new History of England has increased; new lights have been thrown on events and characters, and old errors have been corrected. Many notable works have been written on various periods of our history; some of them at such length as to appeal almost exclusively to professed historical students. It is believed that the time has come when the advance which has been made in the knowledge of English history as a whole should be laid before the public in a single work of fairly adequate size. Such a book should be founded on independent thought and research, but should at the same time be written with a full knowledge of the works of the best modern historians and with a desire to take advantage of their teaching wherever it appears sound. The vast number of authorities, printed and in manuscript, on which a History of England should be based, if it is to represent the existing state of knowledge, renders co-operation almost necessary and certainly advisable. The History, of which this volume is an instalment, is an attempt to set forth in a readable form the results at present attained by research. It will consist of twelve volumes by twelve different writers, each of them chosen as being specialty capable of dealing with the period which he undertakes, and the editors, while leaving to each author as free a hand as possible, hope to insure a general similarity in method of treatment, so that the twelve volumes may in their contents, as well as in their outward appearance, form one History. As its title imports, this History will primarily deal with politics, with the History of England and, after the date of the union with Scotland, Great Britain, as a state or body politic; but as the life of a nation is complex, and its condition at any given time cannot be understood without taking into account the various forces acting upon it, notices of religious matters and of intellectual, social, and economic progress will also find place in these volumes. The footnotes will, so far as is possible, be confined to references to authorities, and references will not be appended to statements which appear to be matters of common knowledge and do not call for support. Each volume will have an Appendix giving some account of the chief authorities, original and secondary, which the author has used. This account will be compiled with a view of helping students rather than of making long lists of books without any notes as to their contents or value. That the History will have faults both of its own and such as will always in some measure attend co-operative work, must be expected, but no pains have been spared to make it, so far as may be, not wholly unworthy of the greatness of its subject. Each volume, while forming part of a complete History, will also in itself be a separate and complete book, will be sold separately, and will have its own index, and two or more maps. Vol. I. to 1066. By Thomas Hodgkin, D.C.L., Litt.D., Fellow of University College, London; Fellow of the British Academy. Vol. II. 1066 to 1216. By George Burton Adams, M.A., Professor of History in Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut. Vol. III. 1216 to 1377. By T.F. Tout, M.A., Professor of Medieval and Modern History in the Victoria University of Manchester; formerly Fellow of Pembroke College, Oxford. Vol. IV. 1377 to 1485. By C. Oman, M.A., Fellow of All Souls' College, and Deputy Professor of Modern History in the University of Oxford. Vol. V. 1485 to 1547. By H.A.L. Fisher, M.A., Fellow and Tutor of New College, Oxford. Vol. VI. 1547 to 1603. By A.F. Pollard, M.A., Professor of Constitutional History in University College, London. Vol. VII. 1603 to 1660. By F.C. Montague, M.A., Professor of History in University College, London; formerly Fellow of Oriel College, Oxford. Vol. VIII. 1660 to 1702. By Richard Lodge, M.A., Professor of History in the University of Edinburgh; formerly Fellow of Brasenose College, Oxford. Vol. IX. 1702 to 1760. By I.S. Leadam, M.A., formerly Fellow of Brasenose College, Oxford. Vol. X. 1760 to 1801. By the Rev. William Hunt, M.A., D. Litt, Trinity College, Oxford. Vol. XI. 1801 to 1837. By the Hon. George C. Brodrick, D.C.L., late Warden of Merton College, Oxford, and J K. Fotheringham, M.A., Magdalen College, Oxford, Lecturer in Classics at King's College, London. Vol. XII. 1837 to 1901. By Sidney J Low, M.A., Balliol College, Oxford, formerly Lecturer on History at King's College, London. The Political History of England IN TWELVE VOLUMES EDITED BY WILLIAM HUNT, D. LITT., AND REGINALD L. POOLE, M.A. III. THE HISTORY OF ENGLAND FROM THE ACCESSION OF HENRY III. TO THE DEATH OF EDWARD III. 1216-1377 CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. THE REGENCY OF WILLIAM MARSHAL. 19 Oct., 1216. Death of King John Position of parties The Church on the king's side 28 Oct. Coronation of Henry III. 11 Nov. Great council at Bristol. 12 Nov. The first charter of Henry III. 1216-17. Progress of the war. 1217. Rising of Wilkin of the Weald. Louis' visit to France 22 April. Return of Louis from France. Sieges of Dover, Farnham, and Mount Sorrel. 20 May. The fair of Lincoln. 23 Aug. The sea-fight off Sandwich. 11 Sept. Treaty of Lambeth. 6 Nov. Reissue of the great charter. Restoration of order by William Marshal. 14 May, 1219. Death of William Marshal. His character and career. 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 15 CHAPTER II. THE RULE OF HUBERT DE BURGH. 1219. Pandulf the real successor of William Marshal July, 1221. Langton procures Pandulf's recall. Ascendency of Hubert de Burgh. Jan.-Feb., 1221. The rebellion of Albemarle. July, 1222. The sedition of Constantine FitzAthulf. 1221-24. Marriage alliances. 1219-23. War in Wales. April, 1223. Henry III. declared by the pope competent to govern. June, 1224. Revolt of Falkes de Bréautè. 20 June-14 Aug. Siege of Bedford. Fall of Falkes. Papal and royal taxation. April, 1227. End of the minority. Relations with France during the minority. The Lusignans and the Poitevin barons. 1224. Louis VIII.'s conquest of Poitou. 1225. Expedition of Richard of Cornwall and William Longsword to Gascony. Nov., 1226. Accession of Louis IX. in France. 1229-30. Henry III.'s campaign in Brittany and Poitou. 21-30 July, 1230. Siege of Mirambeau. 1228. The Kerry campaign. 2 May, 1230. Death of William of Braose. 1231. Henry III.'s second Welsh campaign. Aug. Death of Archbishop Richard le Grand. Gregory IX. and Henry III. 17 19 20 20 22 23 23 24 25 25 26 27 29 29 30 31 32 34 34 36 37 38 38 39 39 1232. 29 July. 1231. 1232. Riots of Robert Twenge Fall of Hubert de Burgh. Death of William Marshal the Younger. Death of Randolph of Blundeville, Earl of Chester. 39 40 41 41 CHAPTER III. THE ALIEN INVASION. 1232-34. Aug., 1233. 23 Nov. 1234. 1 April. 2 April. 9 April. 14 Jan., 1236. 1239. 1237. 1239. 1235. 16 Nov., 1240. May-Sept., 1242. 1243. 1243. 1240. 1246. Rule of Peter des Roches. Revolt of Richard Marshal Fight near Monmouth. Richard Marshal in Ireland. Defeat and death of the Earl Marshal near Kildare. Edmund Rich consecrated Archbishop of Canterbury. Fall of Peter des Roches. Beginning of Henry III.'s personal government Character of Henry III. The alien invasions Henry's marriage to Eleanor of Provence. The Savoyards in England. Revival of Poitevin influence. Simon of Montfort Earl of Leicester. The legation of Cardinal Otto. Quarrel of Gregory IX. and Frederick II. Robert Grosseteste, Bishop of Lincoln. Death of Edmund Rich in exile. Henry III. and Frederick II. Attempted reconquest of Poitou. The campaign of Taillebourg. Truce with France. The Lusignans in England. The baronial opposition. Grosseteste's opposition to Henry III., and Innocent IV.. Relations with Scotland and Wales. Death of Llewelyn ap Iorwerth. Death of David ap Llewelyn. 43 45 47 48 49 50 51 51 52 53 54 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 66 67 67 68 CHAPTER IV. POLITICAL RETROGRESSION and NATIONAL PROGRESS. 1248-58. Characteristics of the history of these ten years. Decay of Henry's power in Gascony. 1248-52. Simon de Montfort, seneschal of Gascony. Aug., 1253. Henry III. in Gascony. 1254. Marriage and establishment of Edward the king's son. Edward's position in Gascony. Edward's position in Cheshire. 1254. Llewelyn ap Griffith sole Prince of North Wales. Edward in the four cantreds and in West Wales. 1257. Welsh campaign of Henry and Edward. Revival of the baronial opposition. 1255. Candidature of Edmund, the king's son, for Sicily. 1257. Richard of Cornwall elected and crowned King of the Romans. 69 69 70 72 73 73 74 75 76 76 77 78 80 Leicester as leader of the opposition. Progress in the age of Henry III. The cosmopolitan and the national ideals. F