Celebrated Travels and Travellers - Part III. The Great Explorers of the Nineteenth Century
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Project Gutenberg's Celebrated Travels and Travellers, by Jules VerneThis eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and withalmost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away orre-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License includedwith this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.orgTitle: Celebrated Travels and TravellersPart III. The Great Explorers of the Nineteenth CenturyAuthor: Jules VerneIllustrator: Léon BenettTranslator: N. D'AnversRelease Date: September 19, 2008 [EBook #26658]Language: English*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CELEBRATED TRAVELS AND TRAVELLERS ***Produced by Ron Swanson. (This file was produced fromimages generously made available by The InternetArchive/Canadian Libraries.)Great Explorers of the Nineteenth CenturyCELEBRATED TRAVELS AND TRAVELLERS.THE GREAT EXPLORERSOF THENINETEENTH CENTURY.LONDON:GILBERT AND RIVINGTON, PRINTERS,ST. JOHN'S SQUARE.Map of the work to be doneGravé par E. Morieu 23, r. de Bréa Paris.Map of the work which had to be done in the 19th Century.CELEBRATED TRAVELS AND TRAVELLERS.THE GREAT EXPLORERSOF THENINETEENTH CENTURY.BY JULES VERNETRANSLATED BYN. D'ANVERS,AUTHOR OF "HEROES OF NORTH AFRICAN DISCOVERY," "HEROES OF SOUTH AFRICAN DISCOVERY," ETC.WITH 51 ORIGINAL DRAWINGS BY LÉON BENETT, AND 57 FAC-SIMILES FROMEARLY MSS. AND MAPS BY MATTHIS AND MORIEU.Ship sailing near icebergsLondon:SAMPSON LOW, MARSTON, SEARLE, & RIVINGTON,CROWN BUILDINGS, 188, ...
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Project Gutenberg's Celebrated Travels and Travellers, by Jules Verne
This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
Title: Celebrated Travels and Travellers Part III. The Great Explorers of the Nineteenth Century
Author: Jules Verne
Illustrator: Léon Benett
Translator: N. D'Anvers
Release Date: September 19, 2008 [EBook #26658]
Language: English
*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CELEBRATED TRAVELS AND TRAVELLERS ***
Produced by Ron Swanson. (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive/Canadian Libraries.)
Great Explorers of the Nineteenth Century
CELEBRATED TRAVELS AND TRAVELLERS.
THE GREAT EXPLORERS
OF THE
NINETEENTH CENTURY.
LONDON: GILBERT AND RIVINGTON, PRINTERS, ST. JOHN'S SQUARE.
Map of the work to be done Gravé par E. Morieu 23, r. de Bréa Paris. Map of the work which had to be done in the 19th Century.
CELEBRATED TRAVELS AND TRAVELLERS.
THE GREAT EXPLORERS
OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY.
BY JULES VERNE
TRANSLATED BY
N. D'ANVERS,
AUTHOR OF "HEROES OF NORTH AFRICAN DISCOVERY," "HEROES OF SOUTH AFRICAN DISCOVERY," ETC.
WITH 51 ORIGINAL DRAWINGS BY LÉON BENETT, AND 57 FAC-SIMILES FROM EARLY MSS. AND MAPS BY MATTHIS AND MORIEU.
Ship sailing near icebergs
HENDON,Christmas, 1880.
London: SAMPSON LOW, MARSTON, SEARLE, & RIVINGTON, CROWN BUILDINGS, 188, FLEET STREET.
1881. [All rights reserved.]
TO DR. G. G. GARDINER,
I Dedicate this Translation
WITH SINCERE AND GRATEFUL ESTEEM.
TRANSLATOR'S NOTE.
N. D'ANVERS.
In offering the present volume to the English public, the Translator wishes to thank the Rev. Andrew Carter for the very great assistance given by him in tracing all quotations from English, German, and other authors to the original sources, and for his untiring aid in the verification of disputed spellings, &c.
THE
GREAT EXPLORERS OF THE 19TH CENTURY.
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS AND MAPS
REPRODUCED IN FAC-SIMILE FROM THE ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS, GIVING THE SOURCES WHENCE THEY ARE DERIVED.
PART THE FIRST.
Map of the work which had to be done in the 19th Century Jerusalem Map of Egypt, Nubia, and part of Arabia
Portrait of Burckhardt
"Here is thy grave"
Merchant of Jeddah
Shores and boats of the Red Sea
Map of English India and part of Persia
Bridge of rope
"They were seated according to age"
Beluchistan warriors
"A troop of bayadères came in"
Afghan costumes
Persian costumes
"Two soldiers held me"
"Fifteen Ossetes accompanied me"
"He beheld the Missouri"
Warrior of Java
A kafila of slaves
Member of the body-guard of the Sheikh of Bornou
Reception of the Mission
Lancer of the army of the Sultan of Begharmi
Map of Denham and Clapperton's journey
Portrait of Clapperton
"The caravan met a messenger"
"Travelling at a slow pace"
View on the banks of the Congo
Ashantee warrior
Réné Caillié
"He decamped with all his followers"
Caillié crossing the Tankisso
View of part of Timbuctoo
Map of Réné Caillié's journey
"Laing saw Mount Loma"
Lower Course of the Niger (after Lander) Mount Kesa "They were all but upset"
Square stool belonging to the King of Bornou
Map of the Lower Course of the Djoliba, Kouara, Quoora, or Niger (after Lander)
"It was hollowed out of a single tree-trunk"
View of a Merawe temple
The Second Cataract of the Nile
Temple of Jupiter Ammon
"Villages picturesquely perched"
Map of the Missouri Circassians "Excelling in lassoing the wild mustangs"
Map of the Sources of the Mississippi, 1834
View of the Pyramid of Xochicalco
New Zealanders
Coast of Japan
Typical Ainos
PART THE SECOND.
"In the twinkling of an eye the canoes were empty"
Interior of a house at Radak
View of Otaheite
One of the guard of the King of the Sandwich Islands
"The village consisted of clean, well-built huts"
A Morai at Kayakakoua
Native of Ualan
Sedentary Tchouktchis
Warriors of Ombay and Guebeh
Rawak hut on piles
The luxuriant vegetation of the Papuan Islands
Map of Australia
A performer of the dances of Montezuma
Ruins of ancient pillars at Tinian
An Australian farm near the Blue Mountains
Native Australians
Berkeley Sound, in the Falkland Islands
TheMercuryat anchor in Berkeley Sound
The wreck of theUranie
The waterfall of Port Praslin
Natives of New Guinea
Meeting with the Chief of Ualan
Natives of Pondicherry
Ancient idols near Pondicherry
Near the Bay of Manilla
Women of Touron Bay
Entrance to Sydney Bay
"Apsley's Waterfall"
Eucalyptus forest of Jervis Bay
New Guinea hut on piles
New Zealanders
Attack from the natives of Tonga Tabou
Lofty mountains clothed with dense and gloomy forests
Natives of Vanikoro
"I merely had the armoury opened"
Reefs off Vanikoro
Hunting sea-elephants
Map of the Antarctic Regions, showing the routes taken by the navigators of the 19th Century
"Here congregate flocks of penguins"
Dumont d'Urville
"Only by getting wet up to their waists"
Anchorage off Port Famine
"The rudder had to be protected"
View of Adélie Land
Reduced Map of D'Urville's discoveries in the Antarctic Regions
"Their straight walls rose far above our masts"
Captain John Ross
Map of Victoria, discovered by James Ross
"Two small sledges were selected"
Esquimaux family
Map of the Arctic Regions
Rain as a novel phenomenon
Discovery of Victoria Land
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
FIRST PART.
CHAPTER I. THE DAWN OF A CENTURY OF DISCOVERY.
Slackness of discovery during the struggles of the Republic and Empire—Seetzen's voyages in Syria and Palestine— Hauran and the circumnavigation of the Dead Sea—Decapolis—Journey in Arabia—Burckhardt in Syria—Expeditions in Nubia upon the two branches of the Nile—Pilgrimage to Mecca and Medina—The English in India—Webb at the Source of the Ganges—Narrative of a journey in the Punjab—Christie and Pottinger in Scinde—The same explorers cross Beluchistan into Persia—Elphinstone in Afghanistan—Persia according to Gardane, A. Dupré, Morier, Macdonald-Kinneir, Price, and Ouseley—Guldenstædt and Klaproth in the Caucasus—Lewis and Clarke in the Rocky Mountains—Raffles in Sumatra and Java
CHAPTER II. THE EXPLORATION AND COLONIZATION OF AFRICA.
I. Peddie and Campbell in the Soudan—Ritchie and Lyon in Fezzan—Denham, Oudney, and Clapperton in Fezzan, and in the Tibboo country—Lake Tchad and its tributaries—Kouka and the chief villages of Bornou—Mandara—A razzia, or raid, in the Fellatah country—Defeat of the Arabs and death of Boo-Khaloum—Loggan—Death of Toole—En route for Kano—Death of Oudney—Kano—Sackatoo—Sultan Bello—Return to Europe II. Clapperton's second journey—Arrival at Badagry—Yariba and its capital Katunga—Boussa—Attempts to get at the truth about Mungo Park's fate—"Nyffé," Yaourie, and Zegzeg—Arrival at Kano—Disappointments—Death of Clapperton— Return of Lander to the coast—Tuckey on the Congo—Bowditch in Ashantee—Mollien at the sources of the Senegal and Gambia—Major Grey—Caillié at Timbuctoo—Laing at the sources of the Niger—Richard and John Lander at the mouth of the Niger—Cailliaud and Letorzec in Egypt, Nubia, and the oasis of Siwâh
CHAPTER III. THE ORIENTAL SCIENTIFIC MOVEMENT AND AMERICAN DISCOVERIES.
The decipherment of cuneiform inscriptions, and the study of Assyrian remains up to 1840—Ancient Iran and the Avesta —The survey of India and the study of Hindustani—The exploration and measurement of the Himalaya mountains—The Arabian Peninsula—Syria and Palestine—Central Asia and Alexander von Humboldt—Pike at the sources of the Mississippi, Arkansas, and Red River—Major Long's two expeditions—General Cass—Schoolcraft at the sources of the Mississippi—The exploration of New Mexico—Archæological expeditions in Central America—Scientific expeditions in Brazil—Spix and Martin—Prince Maximilian of Wied-Neuwied—D'Orbigny and American Man
SECOND PART.
CHAPTER I. VOYAGES ROUND THE WORLD, AND POLAR EXPEDITIONS.
The Russian fur trade—Kruzenstern appointed to the command of an expedition—Noukha-Hiva—Nangasaki— Reconnaisance of the coast of Japan—Yezo—The Ainos—Saghalien—Return to Europe—Otto von Kotzebue—Stay at Easter Island—Penrhyn—The Radak Archipelago—Return to Russia—Changes at Otaheite and the Sandwich Islands— Beechey's Voyage—Easter Island—Pitcairn and the mutineers of theBounty—The Paumoto Islands—Otaheite and the Sandwich Islands—The Bonin Islands—Lütke—The Quebradas of Valparaiso—Holy week in Chili—New Archangel— The Kaloches—Ounalashka—The Caroline Archipelago—The canoes of the Caroline Islanders—Guam, a desert island —Beauty and happy situation of the Bonin Islands—The Tchouktchees: their manners and their conjurors—Return to Russia
CHAPTER II. FRENCH CIRCUMNAVIGATORS.
The journey of Freycinet—Rio de Janeiro and its gipsy inhabitants—The Cape and its wines—The Bay of Sharks—Stay at Timor—Ombay Island and its cannibal inhabitants—The Papuan Islands—The pile dwellings of the Alfoers—A dinner with the Governor of Guam—Description of the Marianne Islands and their inhabitants—Particulars concerning the Sandwich Islands—Port Jackson and New South Wales—Shipwreck in Berkeley Sound—The Falkland Islands—Return to France—The voyage of theCoquilleunder the command of Duperrey—Martin-Vaz and Trinidad—The Island of St. Catherine—The independence of Brazil—Berkeley Sound and the remains of theUranie—Stay at Conception—The civil war in Chili—The Araucanians—Discoveries in the Dangerous Archipelago—Stay at Otaheite and New Ireland—The Papuans—Stay at Ualan—The Caroline Islands and their inhabitants—Scientific results of the expeditions II. Expedition of Baron de Bougainville—Stay at Pondicherry—The "White Town" and the "Black Town"—"Right-hand" and "Left-hand"—Malacca—Singapore and its prosperity—Stay at Manilla—Touron Bay—The monkeys and the people— The marble rocks of Faifoh—Cochin-Chinese diplomacy—The Anambas—The Sultan of Madura—The straits of Madura and Allas—Cloates and the Triad Islands—Tasmania—Botany Bay and New South Wales—Santiago and Valparaiso— ReturnviâCape Horn—Expedition of Dumont d'Urville in theAstrolabe—The Peak of Teneriffe—Australia—Stay at New Zealand—Tonga-Tabu—Skirmishes—New Britain and New Guinea—First news of the fate of La Pérouse—Vanikoro and its inhabitants—Stay at Guam—Amboyna and Menado—Results of the expedition
CHAPTER III. POLAR EXPEDITIONS.
Bellinghausen, yet another Russian Explorer—Discovery of the islands of Traversay, Peter I., and Alexander I.—The Whaler, Weddell—The Southern Orkneys—New Shetland—The people of Tierra del Fuego—John Biscoe and the districts of Enderby and Graham—Charles Wilkes and the Antarctic Continent—Captain Balleny— Dumont d'Urville's expedition in theAstrolabeand theZelée—Coupvent Desbois and the Peak of Teneriffe—The Straits of Magellan—A new post-office shut in by ice—Louis Philippe's Land—Across Oceania—Adélie and Clarie Lands—New Guinea and Torres Strait—Return to France—James Clark Rosset—Victoria
II. THE NORTH POLE.
Anjou and Wrangell—The "polynia"—John Ross's first expedition—Baffin's Bay closed—Edward Parry's discoveries on his first voyage—The survey of Hudson's Bay, and the discovery of Fury and Hecla Straits—Parry's third voyage—Fourth voyage—On the ice in sledges in the open sea—Franklin's first trip—Incredible sufferings of the explorers—Second expedition—John Ross—Four winters amongst the ice—Dease and Simpson's expedition
THE GREAT EXPLORERS OF THE
The Sphinx
NINETEENTH CENTURY.
CHAPTER I.
THE DAWN OF A CENTURY OF DISCOVERY.
Slackness of discovery during the struggles of the Republic and Empire—Seetzen's voyages in Syria and Palestine —Hauran and the circumnavigation of the Dead Sea—Decapolis—Journey in Arabia—Burckhardt in Syria— Expeditions in Nubia upon the two branches of the Nile—Pilgrimage to Mecca and Medina—The English in India— Webb at the Source of the Ganges—Narrative of a journey in the Punjab—Christie and Pottinger in Scinde—The same explorers cross Beluchistan into Persia—Elphinstone in Afghanistan—Persia according to Gardane, A. Dupré, Morier, Macdonald-Kinneir, Price, and Ouseley—Guldenstædt and Klaproth in the Caucasus—Lewis and Clarke in the Rocky Mountains—Raffles in Sumatra and Java.
A sensible diminution in geographical discovery marks the close of the eighteenth and the beginning of the nineteenth centuries.
We have already noticed the organization of the Expedition sent in search of La Pérouse by the French Republic, and also Captain Baudin's important cruise along the Australian coasts. These are the only instances in which the unrestrained passions and fratricidal struggles of the French nation allowed the government to exhibit interest in geography, a science which is especially favoured by the French.
At a later period, Bonaparte consulted several savants and distinguished artists, and the materials for that grand undertaking which first gave an idea (incomplete though it was) of the ancient civilization of the land of the Pharaohs, were collected together. But when Bonaparte had completely given place to Napoleon, the egotistical monarch, sacrificing all else to his ruling passion for war, would no longer listen to explorations, voyages, or possible discoveries. They represented money and men stolen from him; and his expenditure of those materials was far too great to allow of such futile waste. This was clearly shown, when he ceded the last remnants of French colonial rule in America to the United States for a few millions.
Happily other nations were not oppressed by the same iron hand. Absorbed although they might be in their struggle with France, they could still find volunteers to extend the range of geographical science, to establish archæology upon scientific bases, and to prosecute linguistic and ethnographical enterprise.
The learned geographer Malte-Brun, in an article published by him in the "Nouvelles Annales des Voyages" in 1817, gives a minute account of the condition of French geographical knowledge at the beginning of the nineteenth century, and of the many desiderata of that science. He reviews the progress already made in navigation, astronomy, and languages. The India Company, far from concealing its discoveries, as jealousy had induced the Hudson Bay Company to do, founded academies, published memoirs, and encouraged travellers.
War itself was utilized, for the French army gathered a store of precious material in Egypt. We shall shortly see how emulation spread among the various nations.
From the commencement of the century, one country has taken the lead in great discoveries. German explorers have worked so earnestly, and have proved themselves possessed of will so strong and instinct so sure, that they have left little for their successors to do beyond verifying and completing their discoveries.
The first in order of time was Ulric Jasper Seetzen, born in 1767 in East Friesland; he completed his education at Göttingen, and published some essays upon statistics and the natural sciences, for which he had a natural inclination. These publications attracted the attention of the government, and he was appointed Aulic Councillor in the province of Tever.
Seetzen's ambition, like that of Burckhardt subsequently, was an expedition to Central Africa, but he wished previously to make an exploration of Palestine and Syria, to which countries attention was shortly to be directed by the "Palestine Association," founded in London in 1805.
Seetzen did not wait for this period, but in 1802 set out for Constantinople, furnished with suitable introductions.
