Growth and structure of the English language
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V»s.and;rowth structurethe english language)fBYph.d., lit.d.,JESPERSEN,OTTOPROFESSOR IN THE UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN,LANGUAGE",AUTHOR OF "progress IN"lehrbuch der phonetik", "phonetische grundfragen",teach foreign language","how to a"a modern english grammar", etc.VOLNEY PRIZEAWARDED THEOF THE INSTITUT DE FRANCE 1906EDITION REVISEDSECONDLEIPZIGPUBLISHED BY B. TEUBNERG.1912RESERVED.RIGHTSALLLEIPZIGBY B.G.TEUBNER,PRINTED-10-76"^I^PREFACE.have been setscope and plan of this volumeTheintroductory paragraph. Ihave endeavouredforth in thewrite at once popularly and so as to be of sometophilologist. In some cases I haveprofit to the expertspaceadvanced new views without having enough toreasons for deviating from commonlygive all myaccepted theories, but I hope to find an opportunitymore learned character to arguein future works of aout the most debatable points.I I can say to numerous predecessorsowe more thanin the fields of my investigations, most of all to theDictionary. The dates givenauthors of the New Englishfor the first and last appearance of a word are nearlyalways splendid monument of Englishtaken from thatscholarship, and it is hardly necessary to warn thereader dates too literally. When I say,not to take thesefor instance, th^it was in use from 1 tofenester 290 1548,I do the word was actually heardnot mean to say thatfor the first and for the last time in those two years,but only that no earlier or later quotations have ...
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V »s. and;rowth structure
the english language)f
BY
ph.d., lit.d.,JESPERSEN,OTTO
PROFESSOR IN THE UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN,
LANGUAGE",AUTHOR OF "progress IN
"lehrbuch der phonetik", "phonetische grundfragen",
teach foreign language","how to a
"a modern english grammar", etc.
VOLNEY PRIZEAWARDED THE
OF THE INSTITUT DE FRANCE 1906
EDITION REVISEDSECOND
LEIPZIG
PUBLISHED BY B. TEUBNERG.
1912 RESERVED.RIGHTSALL
LEIPZIGBY B.G.TEUBNER,PRINTED -10-76"^I^
PREFACE.
have been setscope and plan of this volumeThe
introductory paragraph. Ihave endeavouredforth in the
write at once popularly and so as to be of someto
philologist. In some cases I haveprofit to the expert
spaceadvanced new views without having enough to
reasons for deviating from commonlygive all my
accepted theories, but I hope to find an opportunity
more learned character to arguein future works of a
out the most debatable points.
I I can say to numerous predecessorsowe more than
in the fields of my investigations, most of all to the
Dictionary. The dates givenauthors of the New English
for the first and last appearance of a word are nearly
always splendid monument of Englishtaken from that
scholarship, and it is hardly necessary to warn the
reader dates too literally. When I say,not to take these
for instance, th^it was in use from 1 tofenester 290 1548,
I do the word was actually heardnot mean to say that
for the first and for the last time in those two years,
but only that no earlier or later quotations have been
discovered the painstaking authors that dictionary.by of
I have departed a common practice in retainingfrom
the spelling all I see no reason whyof authors quoted.
in so spelling ismany English editions of Shakespeare the
modernized while other Elizabethanin quotations from
authors fromthe old spelling is followed. Quotations
Shakespeare in the spelling ofare here regularly given
the First theFoHo The only point where, for(1623).
convenience readers, I regulate the old usage,of modern
236288 IV Preface.
capital letters printing,is with regard to and «, z', z*, /,
—for instance, us and love instead of vs and loue. To
avoid misunderstandings, I must here expressly state
that by Old English (O. E.) I always understand the
still often termed Anglo-Saxon.language before 1150,
Dr.I want to thank Mr. A. E. Hayes of London,
Cooper of Cornell University, and especially Pro-Lane
University, whofessor G. C. Moore Smith of Sheffield
greathas in many ways given me the benefit of his
Englishknowledge of the English language and of
literature.
In the second edition I have here and there modi-
expression, fresh illustration, andfied an added a
that was per-removed a remark or an example not
haps very felicitously chosen; but in the main the
work remains unchanged.
Gentofte (Copenhagen), September 191 1.
O.J. CONTENTS.
^*^®
IChapter
Sketch ^Preliminary
IIChapter
^^
BeginningsThe
Chapter III
33Old English
Chapter IV
59ScandinaviansThe
VChapter
84FrenchThe
VIChapter
iHGreekLatin and
VIIChapter
152SourcesVarious
VIIIChapter
^7^Grammar
Chapter IX
of Poetry . 210the Language .Shakespeare and
Chapter X
234Conclusion
Symbols. Abbreviations . . . 249Phonetic
250Index
