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- mémoire
- cours - matière potentielle : lunch
- expression écrite
- fall from grace
- olympic legacy
- tours of the building throughout the afternoon
- many congratulations to pete and to the entire football team
- pete
- own christmas cards
- football
- great success
- building
- group
Earth’s Catastrophic Past:Geology, Creation & the Flood by Andrew A. Snelling, Ph.D.
Table of Contents
Volume 1. The Genesis Record of Creation and the Flood Defended
Foreword
Preface
Introduction Why Take Genesis Seriously? Genesis as Reliable History Jesus Regarded Genesis as Real History The Apostle Peter’s Prophecy The Reliability of the Whole Bible Depends on Genesis as History The Pivotal Importance of the Flood
Section I. The Biblical Record Of The Global Genesis Flood Chapter 1 Moses Compiled Genesis Chapter 2 The Duration of the Flood Forty Days of Rain 150 Days of “Prevailing” 221 Days of “Assuaging” and “Abating” Chapter 3 The Depth of the Flood Chapter 4 Geological Details of the Flood Chapter 5 The Size of the Ark Chapter 6 The Need for the Ark Chapter 7 The Testimony of the Apostle Peter Chapter 8 The Testimony of the Lord Jesus Christ Chapter 9 The Total Destruction of a WidelyDistributed Human Race—All Mankind Perished All Mankind Perished Chapter 10 The Total Destruction of a WidelyDistributed Human Race—The Human Race Had Spread Around the Earth Longevity and Population Growth The Prevalence of Violence Human Fossil Evidence Chapter 11 Summary and Conclusion
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xiii
1 2 6 7 9
10
15 19 19 20 21 27 31 35 39 47 53 57
57 63
63 67 70 73
Earth’s Catastrophic Past, Andrew A. Snelling
Table of Contents, Page 2
Section II. NonGeological Arguments Used Against the Global Genesis Flood Chapter 12 Introduction 77 Chapter 13 The Genesis Flood Story Derived from the Babylonian Flood Myth 81 Chapter 14 No Global Flood in Recent Geological and Human History 89 Chapter 15 All Mankind Not Descended from Noah’s Family 91 The Sons of Noah 92 The Table of Nations 93 The Bible and Racial Distribution 95 Chapter 16 Anthropology and Racial Dispersion 97 Recent Migration from Asia 97 Universal Flood Traditions 99 Chapter 17 Universal Terms: Used in a Limited Sense? 107 Most Universal Terms Are to Be Interpreted Literally 107 The Context Determines the Meaning 108 Chapter 18 Universal Terms Are Literal in Genesis 69 Because of the Physical 115 Phenomena Chapter 19 Summary and Conclusions 121
Section III. Noah, the Ark, And the Animals Chapter 20 Gathering the Animals to the Ark Chapter 21 The Capacity of the Ark Chapter 22 Caring for the Animals in the Ark Chapter 23 The “NaturalSupernatural” Philosophy of Miracles Chapter 24PostFlood Animal Distribution—The Australian Marsupials Three Major Views Australian Marsupials Chapter 25 PostFlood Animal Distribution—Rapid Animal Dispersion Rapid Breeding and Diversification Chapter 26 Summary and Conclusions
Section IV. The Framework for a Biblical Geology Chapter 27 Introduction Chapter 28 The Scriptural Divisions of Geologic History The First Creative Act The Work of the Six Days of Creation The PreFlood Period The Flood The PostFlood Period General Comments Chapter 29 The Beginning of Creation Chapter 30 The First Day Chapter 31 The Second Day Chapter 32 The Third Day
125 131 145 155 163 163 165 171 175 181
185 193 193 193 194 195 195 195 199 205 211 213
Earth’s Catastrophic Past, Andrew A. Snelling
Chapter 33 Chapter 34 Chapter 35 Chapter 36 Chapter 37 Chapter 38 Chapter 39 Chapter 40 Chapter 41 Chapter 42 Chapter 43
The Fourth Day The Fifth Day The Sixth Day—Land Animals and Man The Sixth Day—Adam and Eve The Seventh Day The Fall The Curse The PreFlood World The Flood The PostFlood World Concluding Comments
Table of Contents, Page 3
Section V. The Modern Geological Synthesis Chapter 44 Introduction Chapter 45 The Geologic Column Historical Development Terminology Used Chapter 46 A Classic Example of a Local Geologic Column Chapter 47 Correlation of Strata Between Local Geologic Columns Chapter 48 The Precambrian of the Geologic Column Chapter 49 Implications of the Geologic Column Chapter 50 Patterns and Trends in the Geologic Column—Involving Different Rock Types Patterns Involving Sedimentary Rocks Patterns Involving Igneous Rocks A Pattern Involving Metamorphic Rocks Chapter 51 Patterns and Trends in the Geologic Column—Involving Relative Sea Level Changes Chapter 52 Patterns and Trends in the Geologic Column—Involving the Fossil Record Chapter 53 Patterns and Trends in the Geologic Column—Involving Metal Ore Deposits Chapter 54 A Brief History of Plate Tectonics Chapter 55 The Development of the Plate Tectonics Theory Chapter 56 Global Plate Tectonics: The Unifying Model Chapter 57 Plate Tectonics: Controlling the Formation of the Rock Record— Divergent Plate Margins and the Ocean Floor Chapter 58 Plate Tectonics: Controlling the Formation of the Rock Record— Plates That Collide: Convergent Margins Chapter 59 Plate Tectonics: Controlling the Formation of the Rock Record— Transform Plate Margins and Plate Interiors Transform Plate Margins Plate Interiors Chapter 60 Concluding Comments
219 225 229 235 241 245 253 261 271 281 291
295 299 300 305 309 313 321 329 335
336 338 342 343
347
361
365 373 379 389
397
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409 410 417
Earth’s Catastrophic Past, Andrew A. Snelling
Selected Bibliography
Color Figures
Table of Contents, Page 4
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Volume 2. Geological Implications of the Biblical Record for a Biblical Geologic Model for Earth History
Section VI. Geological Implications of the Biblical Geologic Model for Earth History Chapter 61 Geological Implications of the Biblical Record The Uniqueness of the Creation Week Enormous Geological Work Accomplished During the Creation Week A Stable PreFlood World Tremendous Erosion from the Rainfall During the Early Stage of the Flood Clouds Not the Major Source of the Flood Rainfall and Waters Enlarged Ocean Basins as a Result of the Flood? Volcanic and Seismic Upheavals During the Flood Unprecedented Sedimentary Activity Again During the Flood Ideal Conditions for the Formation of Fossils During the Flood Uniformitarianism Also Undermined by the Flood Chapter 62 The Renewed Recognition of Catastrophism Chapter 63 Evidences of Catastrophism in the Geologic Column—Rate of Sediment Accumulation and Widespread RapidlyDeposited Strata Rate of Sediment Accumulation Widespread, Rapidly WaterDeposited Strata The Widespread, Rapidly WaterDeposited, Paleozoic Strata of the Chapter 64 Grand Canyon, Arizona—Limestones Chapter 65 The Widespread, Rapidly WaterDeposited, Paleozoic Strata of the Grand Canyon, Arizona—Sandstones Chapter 66 The Widespread, Rapidly WaterDeposited, Paleozoic Strata of the Grand Canyon, Arizona—Shales Chapter 67 Other Examples of Widespread, Rapidly WaterDeposited Strata The Shinarump Conglomerate, Utah The Uluru Arkose and Mt. Currie Conglomerate, Central Australia Kingston Peak Formation, Southeastern California Hawkesbury Sandstone, Sydney Basin, Australia Megasequences of North America Chapter 68 Fossilization Preservation of Unaltered Remains Preservation by Permineralization Preservation by Recrystallization
467 468 469
470 470
471 473 474 474 475 476 477 487
487 490 493
501
511
519 519 520
522 524 528 531 532 533 534
Earth’s Catastrophic Past, Andrew A. Snelling
Chapter 69
Chapter 70
Chapter 71 Chapter 72 Chapter 73 Chapter 74 Chapter 75 Chapter 76
Table of Contents, Page 5
Preservation by Replacement Preservation of Only the Original Forms in Casts and Molds Preservation of Carbon Only (Carbonization) Preservation of the Tracks and Trails Fossil Graveyards The Cambrian Burgess Shale, British Columbia, Canada The Ordovician Soom Shale, South Africa The Devonian Thunder Bay Limestone, Michigan The Carboniferous Montceau Shale, Central France The Carboniferous Francis Creek Shale, Mazon Creek Area, Illinois The Triassic Mont San Giorgio Basin, ItalySwitzerland The Triassic Cow Branch Formation, Cascade, Virginia The Cretaceous Santana Formation, Brazil The Cretaceous Tepexi Limestone, Mexico The Cretaceous Djadokhta Formation, Nemget Basin, Ukhaa Tolgod Area, Mongolia Coal Beds—Fossil Graveyards of Plants Transported and Deposited by Water Theories of Origin Coal Beds—Fossil Graveyards of Plants That Grew Floating on Water Underclays—Fossil Soils? Upright Fossilized Trees Further Examples of Fossil Graveyards Mass Extinctions The Rate of Fossilization Petrification by Silicification Fossilization by Phosphatization Fossilization by Biofilms Fossilization by Pyritization Coalification Are There Long Ages Between the Strata? SoftSediment Deformation Features Summary
Section VII. A Biblical Geologic Model of Earth History Chapter 77 The Creation Week The Creation Week Processes Unique The Laws of Thermodynamics Chapter 78 The First Two Days The First Day The Second Day Chapter 79 The Third Day Chapter 80 The Fourth Day to the End of the Creation Week Chapter 81 Creation of “Appearance of Age” Chapter 82 Cosmological Evolution and the “Big Bang” Chapter 83 The PreFlood Era—The “Waters Above the Firmament”
534 534 535 535
537 537 538 539 539 540
541 543 544 546 547
549
550 557 562 565 569 574 577 577 579 582 583 584 587 597 607
613 614 615 623 623 627 631 639 647 653 661
Earth’s Catastrophic Past, Andrew A. Snelling
Chapter 84 Chapter 85 Chapter 86 Chapter 87 Chapter 88 Chapter 89 Chapter 90 Chapter 91 Chapter 92
Chapter 93 Chapter 94 Chapter 95 Chapter 96
Chapter 97 Chapter 98
Table of Contents, Page 6
The Fall and the Beginning of the PreFlood Era The “Waters Above the Firmament” The PreFlood Era—Climate Conditions Before the Flood The PreFlood Era—The Biology and Geology Some Unique PreFlood Biological Communities Geologic Activity in the PreFlood World The Flood—A Global Tectonic Catastrophe A Global Tectonic Catastrophe Catastrophic Plate Tectonics—The Driving Force of the Flood Where is the PreFlood/Flood Boundary in the Geologic Record? A MechanicalErosional Discontinuity A Time or Age Discontinuity A Tectonic Discontinuity A Sedimentary Discontinuity A Paleontological Discontinuity The Destructive Power of Floods and Ocean Waves Sedimentation and Fossilization During the Flood The Order of the Strata Deposited by the Flood PreFlood Biogeography Early Burial of Marine Creatures Hydrodynamic Selectivity of Moving Water Behavior and Higher Mobility of the Vertebrates The Order of the Flood Strata—Other Considerations in the Strata Sequence Bioturbation and Mass Extinctions Formation of Coal Beds Animal Tracks and Fossils in Mesozoic Strata The Flood/PostFlood Boundary in the Geologic Record Biblical Considerations Geological Considerations The PostFlood World PostFlood Geology PostFlood Climate The PostFlood Ice Age—A Consequence of the Flood The Ice Age as a Consequence of the Flood The PostFlood Ice Age—Geomorphic Features and IceAge Animals From the Ice Age to the Present World
Section VIII. Problems in Biblical Geology Solved—Radioactive Dating and Geochronology Chapter 99 The Radioactive Methods for Dating Rocks The Radioactive Methods for Dating Rocks The Assumptions of Radioactive Dating Chapter 100 The Pitfalls in the Radioactive Dating Methods—The Potassium Argon and ArgonArgon Methods
661 662 669 675 675 678 683 684 691 707 707 707 708 708 709 713 723 727 730 731 733 734 739
739 741 745 751 752 752 763 763 765 769
773 779 787
797 798 800 803
Earth’s Catastrophic Past, Andrew A. Snelling
Chapter 101
Chapter 102
Chapter 103
Chapter 104
Chapter 105
Chapter 106
Table of Contents, Page 7
“Excess” or Inherited Argon Argon Loss The Pitfalls in the Radioactive Dating Methods—The Rubidium Strontium Dating Method Anomalous RbSr Isochrons OpenSystem Behavior, Mixing and Resetting The Pitfalls in the Radioactive Dating Methods—The Samarium Neodymium Dating Method SmNd Model Ages The Pitfalls in the Radioactive Dating Methods—The Uranium ThoriumLead Dating Method OpenSystem Behavior Inheritance PbPb Isotope “Dating,” Inheritance and Mixing The Pitfalls in the Radioactive Dating Methods—Sundry Methods and Revealing Considerations The LutetiumHafnium and RheniumOsmium Radioisotope Dating Methods How Much Radioactive Decay Has Actually Occurred? Do Radioisotope “Ages” Match the Claimed Stratigraphic “Ages”? Do “Ages” Determined by the Different Radioisotope “Dating” Methods Agree? The Pitfalls in the Radioactive Dating Methods—Variations in Radioactive Decay Rates and “Apparent Age” A “Grown” Creation with an “Apparent Age” The Pitfalls in the Radioactive Dating Methods—The Radiocarbon Dating Method
Section IX. Contradictions in Geochronology—Support for Biblical Geology Chapter 107 Supernovas and Comets Supernova Remnants Disintegration of Comets Chapter 108 The Earth’s Magnetic Field Chapter 109 Sea Salt, Erosion, and Sediments Salt in the Sea Erosion of Continents Sea Floor Sediments Chapter 110 Volcanic Activity and Helium Crustal Growth through Volcanic Activity Helium in Rocks and in the Atmosphere Chapter 111 Radiohalos, Radiocarbon and Tree Rings Radiohalos Radiocarbon and Tree Rings Chapter 112 Human Population Statistics and Lifespans
803 808 811
811 814 819
822 825
825 828 830 835
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850 855
867 867 869 873 879 879 881 883 885 885 887 891 891 894 899
Earth’s Catastrophic Past, Andrew A. Snelling
Table of Contents, Page 8
Section X. Problems For Biblical Geology Solved —Formations Implying Slow Deposition Chapter 113 Deposition and Lithification 909 Deposition and Lithification 909 Chapter 114 Bioturbation, Hardgrounds, and Trace Fossils 917 Chapter 115 Chalk and Diatomite Beds, and DeepSea Sediments 925 Chapter 116 Coral Reefs and Limestone 931 Chapter 117 Evaporites 937 Chapter 118 Varves and Rhythmites 945 Chapter 119 Buried Forests 953 Chapter 120 Coal Beds 959 Chapter 121 Oil Deposits 965 Chapter 122 Limestone Caves and Cave Deposits 977 Chapter 123 Granite Formation, Intrusion, and Cooling 983 Magma Generation by Partial Melting 984 Melt Segregation 985 Magma Ascent 987 Magma Emplacement 989 Emplacement Rates 991 Crystallization and Cooling Rates 992 Convective Cooling: The Role of Hydrothermal Fluids 993 Crystallization and Cooling Rates: The Evidence of 995 Polonium Radiohalos Chapter 124 Regional Metamorphism 999 Chapter 125 Ore and Mineral Deposits 1013 Chapter 126 Earlier Ice Ages 1023
Concluding Challenges The Adequacy of the Biblical Framework of Earth History An Unfinished Task Postscript
Selected Bibliography
Index
Color Figures
1033 1034 1037
1045
1061
1079
Snelling, A. A. 2009.Earth’s Catastrophic Past. Dallas, TX: Institute for Creation Research.
