Math Square(version 2
3
pages
English
Documents
Le téléchargement nécessite un accès à la bibliothèque YouScribe Tout savoir sur nos offres
3
pages
English
Documents
Le téléchargement nécessite un accès à la bibliothèque YouScribe Tout savoir sur nos offres
- mémoire
- leçon - matière potentielle : advanced maths
- mémoire - matière potentielle : from early arithmetic
- dot pattern
- dot patterns
- rote memory from early arithmetic
- equivalent domino pattern
- early years of maths education
- anyone off maths
- cards
- card
- teachers
- 2 teachers
Types of Interest Organizations and their Advantages 1.Citizen Action Groups a.Single issue groups—NARAL, RighttoLife, NRA, Brady Campaign to Prevent Gun Violence b.Multiissue groups—AARP, Sierra Club, ACLU, ADA, People for the American Way, Townhall, NRDC, Consumers Union, American Taxpayers Union 2.Trade Associations—American Hardware Association, Many dairy cooperatives, Americans for Energy Independence, American Council on Renewable Energy, National Automotive Dealers Association, grape growers, wine producers, beer producers, liquor producers, furniture producers, forest products, pulp and paper, steel producers, aluminum producers, electronics producers, electronics distributors, etc.Thousands of these associations. (Go to DC phonebook and look under American” and “National.” 3.Professional Associations—Doctors, Dentists, Nurses, Professors, Lawyers, Real Estate Brokers, etc. 4.Unions,United Garment Workers of America, State and Municipal Employees Union, Teamsters, (Air Traffic Controllers), NEA, AFT, United Farm Workers. 5.Peak Associations—AFLCIO, National Association of Manufacturers, National Chamber of Commerce.These are associations of associations. (You might consider the NEA a peak association as every state has a state organization and many counties have county NEA or AFT organizations.) 6.Corporations—the most frequent type of lobbying effort comes from corporations. Sometimesthey work with their trade association, sometimes they work against them. (Scrap tires and Goodyear). 7.Other institutions—all states and big cities hire lobbyists at the state and national levels. Universitieshave lobbyists (UNCC does). UNCC also is represented by the state university system.The American Red Cross, many private and public museums, transit authorities (CATS), port authorities, and other public and not forprofit entities have lobbyists. What Institutions have What Kinds of Advantages and Disadvantages Citizen Action Groups/Public Interest Groups—CASs or PIGs.Have a huge freerider problem that they solve by moving the B term into the D term through moral rage.Also, those that last the longest have the best selective incentives. The role of the political entrepreneur:Pays the organizing costs to obtain the political power. RalphNader, John L. Sullivan, Cesar Chavez, David Brower, Jerry Falwell, Pat Robertson, Ralph Reed.Often have many failures before they succeed. Use inhouse lobbyists much more than contract lobbyists. Sometimes form coalitions—Clean Air Coalition, but prefer not to do so for marketing reasons. You need a marketing advantage over the competition.
Types of groups and their strengths, weaknesses, and strategies
2
These groups have the advantage on highly visible issues that are easily portrayed within an ideological structure or in black and white. These groups also need to have a high presence in the media and their members have to see them as effective advocates for the strongly felt motivations of their members.PIGs may use political protests to increase visibility.Greenpeace •Save the whales (bumper sticker comp abortion), Don’t kill baby seals, protect our public schools from homosexuals, save our schools from guns, save our schools from teachers’ unions, save our schools from liberals, save our schools from atheists. •Floor votes are critical to these organizations’ advertising. Many PIGs have scorecards. Leagueof Conservation Voters’ “Dirty Dozen.”No one wants to be on the list so they find out which floor votes will be counted. •Free rider problem is critical so it’s really important to make extreme appeals. Chapter on Direct Mail.People must be sufficiently enraged and believe that the PIG is going to make a difference.B term is really important as it also becomes a D term at a certain point. •PIGs are at a disadvantage when it comes to highly technical issues and having the staff necessary to track subcommittee hearings. They testify and go home. (Exampleof Equal Credit in Lending Act: NOW won the floor vote but did not stick around for the rulemaking hearings.) •PIGs also are at a disadvantage in campaign finance for the same reason. Money is not their major resource. •Environmental groupsPIGs often have an advantage in campaign workers. provide a huge number of workers, largely to Democratic candidates. •Often at a disadvantage in the rulemaking process where information is so critical. PIGs do well in majoritarian politics, entrepreneurial politics, and in high visibility interest group politics.They don’t do well in client politics. They’re too many policies and too few lobbyists.PIGs typically follow an electoral strategy when allocating campaign resources. Trade Associations and Professional Associations:Broad industrywide issues are important to them.Because the dues are often set by the number of employees or by market share, bigger companies pay more of the bills and often have more voice. •Also have a freerider problem. Typically solve this with selective incentives. Information about new tax laws or regulations. They also provide consultants at lower rates who know the government issues and they affect individual companies. Give members an opportunity to come together at trade shows to learn about new products and technologies.
Types of groups and their strengths, weaknesses, and strategies
3
•Good on medium level policies that provide benefits or impose costs across a large number of firms.Drug pricing for pharmaceutical companies; gas taxes for airlines and trucking; rules on number of hours a pilot or truck driver can work during any one time period; price supports for commodities such as corn, wheat, soybeans, etc.Trade associations generally follow an access strategy when allocating their campaign contributions and other resources.Peak Associations:TheyAre major players in majoritarian and entrepreneurial politics. provide substantial support to political parties and usually closely identify with one or the other parties.Peak Associations also play a key role in highvisibility interest group politics as they organize coalitions of other groups.For example, the National Association of Manufacturing organized a coalition in support of the North American Free Trade Association (NAFTA) and is likely to organize a coalition on other high visibility collective goods issue such as changes in corporate tax rates.Similarly, the AFLCIO organized a coalition of all labor groups to prevent the NAFTA.Because they generally are closely tied to political parties and have clear ideologies, peak associations tend to follow an electoral strategy. Corporations:These interest organizations do not face the free rider problem when they wish to spend resources on goods that are private to the company such as a government contract or a regulatory waiver.Corporations often hire contract lobbyists to deal with specific issues and large corporations typically have lobbyists that work directly for them. Corporations are more effective in client politics where the issues have low visibility and require relatively few decision makers.They are very active at the subcommittee and committee levels.Corporations usually follow an access strategy. Unions: Unions are closely tied to the Democratic Party and have all of the advantages and disadvantages associated with such a close association (see lecture on the Christian Right). Unionsalmost always follow an electoral strategy when allocating their campaign resources.
