1Benchmarks of Fairness for Health Care Reform:A Policy Tool for Developing Countries41 2 3 5 6N. Daniels, J. Bryant, R.A.Castano, O.G. Dantes, K.S. Khan, S. Pannarunothai1. A New Tool for Policy Analysis: We report here on progress we have made toward developing the benchmarks of1fairness into a policy tool that will be useful in developing countries for analyzing theoverall fairness of health care reforms.2,3,4Fairness is a multi-dimensional concept, broader than the concept of equity.Fairness includes equity in health outcomes, in access to all forms of care, and infinancing. Fairness also includes efficiency in management and allocation, since, whenresources are constrained, their inefficient use means that some needs will not be met thatcould have been. For the public to be empowered to assure that its health is promoted,fairness must also include accountability. Finally, fairness also includes appropriateforms of patient and provider autonomy. The benchmarks facilitate an integratedexamination of objectives that often involve trade-offs with each other. It requireslooking across disciplinary boundaries in a systematic way.When originally developed and presented in the United States, the benchmarkswere provided with an ethical rationale that appealed to a theory of justice and health 1 Professor, Dept. of Philosophy, Tufts University, Medford MA 02468 (email:ndaniels@emerald.tufts.edu).2 ...
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